Recently, on Monday, January 20th, two Chinese women drove their Mercedes SUV into the Forbidden City in Beijing. That event created quite a controversy. The least you can say is that it is daring and very disrespectful towards the art site. This news gives us an opportunity to look into other events in which artworks were abused or damaged.
“Let’s have some fun and do something crazy” is what these two ladies must have been thinking. On Monday the site was closed for maintenance and renovation work. A perfect day for their little trip.
They photographed themselves with the SUV on the empty main square of the Forbidden City. After having posted the event on social media, many people questioned what they did and how they came that far.
The Forbidden City is a huge complex of significant cultural and historical importance. It was home to the emperors of China between 1420 and 1912 and is a World Heritage site. That is why it is heavily guarded. So, how could they drive up to the main square? Moreover, cars have been banned from that particular area. Was it their charm, the luxury car, or did they pay off the guards?
Artists give their heart and soul to the creation of their works. They are often filled with emotion and meaning. Above all, the most precious ones have outstanding technique. This is why they are admired by so many people. That is, up to the day that some unfortunate person damages the piece due to carelessness, anger, insanity or, like in the first case, poor intentions.
No Ordinary Lavatory
In 1917, the Dadaist Marcel Duchamp created his ready-made Fountain, a porcelain urinal. However, as from the first day, art critics started to debate whether this was actually art. The world was about to see the first artwork that wasn’t really created by the artist. That is to say, Duchamp simply bought a urinal, placed it upside down and signed it with the pseudonym R. Mutt. The original was lost over time, however Duchamp agreed to have eight replicas made. These are now displayed in the world’s biggest museums.
The Fountain Hitman
Meanwhile, at one of those museums, the Pompidou Center in Paris, the piece was vandalised by Pierre Pinoncelli. He hit it with a small hammer leaving it slightly chipped. That happened in 2006. At that time, Pinoncelli was a 76-year-old performance artist. Later in an interview he claimed that his attack was a work of performance art that might have pleased Dadaist artists. Duchamp’s intention was to make a piece that criticized traditional values in the art world and in particular museum-art. More than making a joke, the artist proposed the idea that any object, how ordinary it might be, can become a work of art. Subsequently, that’s something that we’re used to nowadays, and even accept. But in 1917 it was an outrage.
So why did Pinoncelli smash the artwork?
In fact, Pinoncelli, also being an artist himself, didn’t agree with Duchamp when he allowed the replicas to be made in 1964. According to Pinoncelli, his hero betrayed his own principles. His original anarchic idea was turned into another institutional work. As a reaction, he smashed the urinal to rescue it.
Consequently, he was fined €200 000 in moral damages and an additional €14 352 in repair costs. That made his performance an expensive one, but it didn’t seem to bother him too much. He wanted his statement to be clear and known, something in which he succeeded.
This performance wasn’t the first time he targeted the urinal. Thirteen years earlier, when Fountain was on display in Nîmes, France, he peed into it. He was already fined for that action too. Meanwhile, the performer wasn’t unknown to the French police. In 1975, economics were bad in France and people suffered from inflation. That year, he robbed a bank in Nice with a sawed-off shotgun and escaped with 10 francs. His first intention was to get away with 1 franc, but he took 10 francs in order to be ahead of inflation. Quite funny, don’t you think?
As a performance artist, Pinoncelli had several confrontations, reacting to matters he didn’t agree with. However, he is still a great art admirer. He says that he would never attack a Rembrandt, or a Van Gogh. That would be vandalism to him. This leads us the famous painting of Rembrandt, the Night Watch.
Pure Vandalism
The Night Watch, a masterpiece of Rembrandt van Rijn has a long history of vandalism. As far as records have been kept, the first incident took place in 1911. An unemployed navy cook unsuccessfully attempted to cut it with a knife.
In 1975, a schoolteacher slashed zigzag lines into it. The painting needed restoration, but traces of the damage are still visible. The man was later determined to have a mental disorder. Still, the museum was shocked and decided to put the painting under permanent guard since 1979.
In 1990, another unemployed man pushed his way through the crowd before the painting and sprayed it with acid chemicals. The guards acted quickly and saved The Night Watch from destruction. The man was very confused, so his reasoning also remains unknown.
Last summer, The Rijksmuseum started with a complete restoration of The Night Watch. Experts operated in a glass chamber, in front of the public. They use very high-tech methods (scanning, high-resolution photography and computer analysis) to restore not only the painted surface, but each layer, from varnish to canvas.
Jumping on My Bed: Fun, Fun, Fun
Imagine: you are a performance artist
and visit a museum. You happen to pass by a bed that is already messy. What
would you do? Right. You jump on it and have some minutes fun before the guards
remove you from the bed.
That is what happened to Tracey Emin’s work My Bed. The work consists of an unmade bed with objects such as a pair of slippers, empty bottles of alcohol, underwear and even condoms and other trash.
She was inspired to create this work by a phase of depression in her life. At one point she remained in bed for four days without eating or drinking anything but alcohol. When she looked at the mess that had accumulated in her room, she suddenly realized what she had created.
Then, when the work was in display at the Tate Gallery in London, UK, two performance artists, Yuan Chai and Jian Jun Xi, started jumping onto the bed. It seemed like a lot of fun, they even held a pillow fight! The crowd applauded and after around 15 minutes, they were removed from the bed by two security guards. As a result, they called their performance Two Naked Men Jump into Tracey’s Bed.
The two men liked Emin’s idea but wanted to improve the work, which they thought had not gone far enough. Being displayed in a museum, they found the piece too institutionalized. By jumping on it, they sought to restore it to its original state. Sounds like what Pinoncelli did with Duchamp’s Fountain, but less dramatic.
The Vase with Missing Pieces
The fragile Portland Vase has survived almost 2000 years without being broken,
quite an achievement. The exquisite vase, made of violet-blue glass, featuring
depictions of humans and gods, was discovered near Rome in the 16th century and
has been in the British Museum since 1810.
However, in 1845, a drunken college student, named William Mulcahy, threw another sculpture onto the Portland Vase, smashing both. The vase was splintered into lots of pieces. After the accident, 37 small fragments were still lost so the vase could not be properly restored. It was only a century later, in 1948, that the missing pieces were accidentally found in a box. The vase was restored in 1949 but was still too fragile to travel to other exhibitions. So, the British Museum put the piece through a final restoration from 1988 to 1989. Nowadays, little damage is visible. Let’s hope that the vase should not require any other conservation work for at least another century.
Oops…
Sometimes people can be very careless. For instance, in 2010, a woman attending an art class at the Met in New York, lost her balance and tripped into the painting The Actor by Picasso. She damaged the artwork and left a 6-inch tear (15 cm) in the lower right-hand corner of the canvas. Luckily, the rip evidently didn’t ruin the artwork. The Met repaired the tear immediately and soon after the event the painting was available for a large Picasso exhibition.
The painting is an important piece in Picasso’s works. It marked his move from the Blue period to the Rose period. The Actor shows a costumed acrobat and can be seen as the prologue to the series of works that culminates in the enormous canvas Family of Saltimbanques.
A Lego Mermaid?
When you see the number of incidents that happened with The Little Mermaid by Edvard Eriksen, you might think that it has become a kind of local sport. Although the statue is very well known and is placed in a very visible setting (the sea), it has been defaced multiple times. In fact, it is difficult to call today’s statue original because it has essentially been rebuilt.
Since 1964, its head has been sawed off, stolen, replaced and stolen again. Its arm has been sawed off and stolen, it has been blasted off its rock base by dynamite, and it has been covered with just about every color of paint imaginable. Poor mermaid.
As Denmark is the birthplace of Lego, wouldn’t it be a fun idea to rebuild the statue in Lego? So, whenever a piece of the mermaid is broken or stolen, authorities could simply put in a replacement brick…
9/11
It is not always one single person that can damage to an artwork. With the collapse of the World Trade Center in New York City on 9/11 many artworks were lost. The building housed many public works and private collections of companies.
For example, the World Trade Center Tapestry by Joan Miró was destroyed after the plane crashed into the South Tower.
At first, when Miró was asked do make a large tapestry for the WTC, he declined arguing that he would only make works with his own hands and had no experience making tapestries. However, after his daughter recovered from an accident in Spain, Miró agreed to make a tapestry for the hospital that had treated her as a token of his gratitude. Josep Royo, with whom he created several other tapestries, guided him in the technique of tapestry weaving. And so, the WTC had a Miró tapestry to exhibit, at least until 2001.
A Secret Life
To finish this list of damaged artworks, let’s dive into a story about the Nazis during World War II. It is known that the Nazis seized many valuable artworks from wealthy Jewish people.
In 2011, German officials made an amazing discovery. Due to suspicious behavior they were monitoring a man named Cornelius Gurlitt. Their attention was caught when they found out that this man was not registered with tax authorities or social services and had neither a pension nor health insurance. Officially, he didn’t exist.
When they searched Gurlitt’s apartment in a Munich suburb they couldn’t believe their eyes. Hidden behind mountains of rotting food, they discovered over 1500 paintings. Among these works they found paintings by Picasso, Matisse, and Renoir. After some examination these works were thought to have been destroyed during World War II.
How did this man lay his hands on such a
treasure?
The collection apparently came from his father, Hildebrandt Gurlitt, who was an art historian when the Nazis seized power in the 1930s. He acquired hundreds of paintings sold for virtually nothing by Jews attempting to escape Nazi rule. In the chaos, Gurlitt probably also stole art works. Anyway, it turned out that he did a good deed, because the Nazis labelled the works as degenerative. Without Gurlitt, these pieces would have been destroyed.
Gurlitt, the son, lived an unnoticed life and made a living by selling low-profile pieces from this extensive collection. After a complete audit of the works officials began their search for the original owners.
