Belle da Costa Greene—The Morgan Library’s First Director

Forging an Identity

Belle da Costa Greene was the daughter of lawyer Richard T. Greener, the first African American to graduate from Harvard University. Near the turn of the century, following her parents’ separation, Greene relocated with her family to New York City. Possessing light enough skin to pass as white, the family adopted the surname “Greene,” shedding their original identity. In her professional career, Belle further crafted her public persona by adding “da Costa” to her name, claiming Portuguese heritage to navigate the racially-charged social landscape of her time.

However, little is known about Greene’s personal life, because she burned all her personal papers before her death. Most of the available information comes from the letters she sent to others, her professional records preserved in the Morgan Library archives, and newspaper coverage.

Beginnings of Her Career

Unable to afford college, Belle da Costa Greene transitioned directly from public school to a position at Princeton University Library. There, she quickly mastered the art of cataloging, worked in the reference department, and developed a keen passion for rare books. Her growing expertise soon caught the attention of J.P. Morgan, whose sprawling and disorganized collection of early books and manuscripts was about to be housed in a new building in New York City. Morgan’s corpus of rare books and fine art often made headlines, featured prominently in newspaper art and literature sections, particularly as pieces were loaned to institutions like the Metropolitan Museum of Art for public exhibition.

Between 1905 and 1908, Greene committed herself to organizing Morgan’s rich collection. By 1908, Greene was traveling regularly to Europe as Morgan’s trusted agent, acquiring important additions for the library. During these trips, she immersed herself in the further study of rare books. Greene’s expertise and drive soon made her a respected and familiar figure among Europe’s leading libraries, galleries, and dealers.

Becoming the Director of Morgan’s Library

Following the death of J.P. Morgan, his son Jack Morgan inherited the library’s vast collection. He transformed the library into a public institution and memorial to his father, with Greene being appointed as the first director of the Morgan Library. Over the next 24 years, Greene transformed the Morgan Library into a world-renowned center for scholarly research. She also established photographic and information services, as well as a program of lectures and publications. She seamlessly blended personal connections with academic expertise to advance the library’s mission.

Pioneer Woman with a Memorable Character

At a time when librarians were expected to be gray, dusty, and tucked away in the shadows, Belle da Costa Greene burst onto the scene with a flair all her own. In her twenties, she took charge of managing and expanding a vast and valuable collection. This attracted newspapers’ attention, often highlighting both her stylish wardrobe as well as her sharp wit.

Opening Collections to the Public

At the time, it was believed that private collectors were best suited to safeguard rare books and manuscripts. However, Greene argued passionately that public institutions—such as libraries, universities, and museums—should be given a fair chance to acquire and share these cultural treasures. As the price of rare books soared beyond the reach of public budgets, Greene fought to expand public access.

Pioneering Woman Librarian

In an era when leadership roles were largely held by men, Belle da Costa Greene emerged as a formidable connoisseur, curator, and director. Her influence was profound and enduring. Over decades-long career, Greene assembled a world-class collection of rare books and manuscripts, but also left a mark on the fields of bibliography and scholarship. She promoted open access through object loans and photographic services, and actively promoted the work of distinguished women scholars and librarians.