Kiyohara Yukinobu: Sublime Female Painter of the Kano School

Not many of us have heard of Kiyohara Yukinobu, but we probably should have. She was a Japanese painter in the early Edo period (1603-1868) and one of the most talented artists of the Kāno school.

The Tale of Genji

Even if you don’t know her name, you may have seen her painting representing Muraski Shikubu, author of The Tale of Genji. Yukinobu depicts the writer Shikubu with a pen in her hand, mid-composition; we are witnessing the genesis of one of the world’s greatest pieces of literature. This is also a picture within a picture as behind the writer hangs an image of a Chinese-style landscape in which a lone figure floats silently across a lake, ringed by misty mountains.

Shikubu is one of the most important figures in Japanese cultural history. The Tale of Genji, written in the 11th century, is one of Japan’s most celebrated works of literature, as well as being possibly the first-ever novel. It was written in kana, a phonetic script used by women forbidden from using Chinese written language. Genji-fever gripped its readers who went as far as decorating their houses in Genji-ana style and wearing Genji-style robes. In 1856 Japanese Princess Atsu even insisted on a Genji-themed wedding.

The Kāno School

Born in 1643, Yukinobu trained as a Kāno school artist (a painting tradition based on merging the ink and brushwork of Chinese artistic precedents with the color and pattern of Japanese style). Throughout her career, she managed to tread the line between following the traditions of the prestigious school that taught her, while also making each painting very much her own. Melding the traditional with the personal marks Yukinobu as an exceptional talent.

Samuri and Zen Buddhist Patrons

Based in Kyoto, the Kāno school practiced between the 15th and 19th centuries. It was a scholarly academy with an aversion to women painters. That we even get to see the wonderful work of Yukinobu is a miracle in itself. Certainly, her paintings are stamped with her name, suggesting that buyers were happy to collect the art of a talented woman. And who bought these paintings? Well, the wealthy classes and business owners, the aristocracy, the samurai, Buddhist temple monks and Shinto shrines.

Marriage vs Career

At that time, as in the West, women were not encouraged to become working artists. Painting was a desirable accomplishment in a daughter or a wife, as was being musical, however it could rarely be a career. Women simply did not have educational opportunities outside of the home. A woman from a high-ranking family would be given brushes and paint as part of her bridal set, her konrei chodo, but this was strictly for use in the privacy of her own home.

A Family of Artists

However, Yukinobu proved the exception. It helped that she came from a painterly family, connected to the Kāno school of painting. Her mother Kuniko was the niece of Master Kanō Tannyū. Her father Kusumi Morikage was a painter and a disciple of Kanō Tannyū. In fact, her father encouraged and taught Yukinobu, even allowing her to take lessons from other painters.

Her art often depicts legendary and historical women, as well as the natural world of her homeland: landscapes, flowers, birds etc. She used a variety of formats, from small silk rolls to large-scale screens. Her brushwork is exacting and exquisite, with meticulous detail. Ink tones and gold leaf blend with vibrant colors which dress the seasons elegantly.

Yukinobu lived and worked in Kyoto for most of her life. She married a fellow Kāno school student called Kiyohara Hirano Morikiyo. She died in 1682, aged just 39. A pioneer in a male-dominated profession, we know very little of her day-to-day life and it is difficult to find biographies and descriptions of Yukinobu’s work. But, we are at least left with the delicate artifacts of her work, which are simply sublime!