Ancient Greece

The A to Z of Ancient Greek Pottery Terms Pt. 1

Rachel Witte 25 July 2023 min Read

In Ancient Greece, vases were a commonplace item. There was no explanation needed as to what they were or how they were used. They each served a different purpose; likewise, there were many Ancient Greek pottery terms to go along with the different uses. In a previous post, I discussed how to decipher the meanings of ancient Greek painted pottery.

In modern times, we have pitchers and vases, and various forms of drinking cups… but imagine a world where there was a different piece of pottery for every part of life as well as different Greek pottery terms to correspond? Religious ceremonies? Burial rites? The home? The list goes on and on. In this post, we are going to look at some of the Ancient Greek pottery terms and different types of Ancient Greek pottery. (But don’t worry! There’s no quiz at the end!)

A:

Alabastron/ pl. Alabastra – the alabastron was a plain bottle of scented oil or perfume. The shape of the bottle gets its name from the alabaster used to make it. The bottle itself was slender, elongated, and small enough to hold in one hand. Alabastra were also used as offerings at many burial sites.

Terra Cotta Alabastron; ancient greek pottery terms
Alabastron, Late Classical period ca. 350-300 BCE, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA.

Amphora – the amphora is one of the more common shapes of vases from Ancient Greece; common enough that you might even recognize it without knowing what it is named. The amphora was an all-purpose container used domestically for small foods or liquids and in burial rites to hold the ashes of the deceased. There are a couple of different styles of amphora: amphora and neck-amphora.

Terracotta Amphora (jar); ancient greek pottery terms
Terracotta Amphora, Archaic period ca. 530 BCE, Attributed to the Andokides and Lysippedes painters, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA.

Attic/Attica – Athenian and Attic are often used interchangeably. Attic refers to a region of which Athens is the capital.

Map of Ancient Greece and area of Attica, Source: Pinterest.

B:

Beazley, Sir John D. (1885-1970) – if there was a rock star of Ancient Greek archaeology and art history, Sir Beazley was that man. He undertook the quite large task of identifying Attic vase painters, by identifying signatures, styles, and time periods. His work was significant and remains an important foundation when studying these vases. Beazley’s life’s work is housed at the University of Oxford’s Classical Research Centre. His legacy was continued under other Classical Greek scholars, such as Sir John Boardman. If you are at all interested in Ancient Greek archaeology or pottery, these two men should be at the top of your list of people to know about!

Sir John D. Beazley in his study, Source: Oxford University Classical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Black-figure technique – Black-figure is one of the methods used to decorate pottery in Ancient Greece. Developed in Corinth in roughly the 8th century BC, the black figures stand out against the lighter-colored clay of the vase, either a white or reddish-brown color.

; ancient greek pottery terms
Terracotta column-krater, Archaic period ca. 550 BCE, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA.

C:

Corinthian – Corinthian refers to the region of Corinth where the Black-figure technique originated before it was adopted by artists in Attica. The term Corinthian also refers to an architectural term in reference to the Corinthian column.

Detail of the Corinthian order decorated pillars of the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens, Greece, 131 CE. the classroom.

D:

Dinos – a dinos is a large round-bottomed bowl without handles. This particular vase was used to mix wine and water. The dinos typically required a stand; because of its bulkiness, it was generally not preferred over the kylix.

Getty Dinos; ancient greek pottery terms
Attic Black-Figure Dinos, ca. 520-510 BCE, The Getty Villa, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

E:

Exaleiptron – this shape was often used for liquid – another option for scented oil or perfume! Unlike the alabastron, the exaleiptron had a unique shape – similar to the dinos, but the mouth of the vase was turned inward and the body of the vase was much squatter.

Greek exaleiptron; ancient greek pottery terms
Attisches Exaleiptron, ca. 525-500 BCE, Museum August Kestner, Hanover, Germany

Eyes – “eyes” refer to a design style painted on various vases. As the name suggests, the design looked like two eyes staring back at you. The eyes could have been man or animal, and meaningful or not.

; ancient greek pottery terms
Eye Cup (Kylix), circa 525–500 BCE, The North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC, USA.

F:

Firing – firing is not a new term for anyone at all slightly familiar with modern pottery. Firing is the step in the pottery-making process where the vase is heated to at least 450 degrees Celsius/842 degrees Fahrenheit. In Ancient Greece, firing took place in three steps: oxidizing, reducing, and re-oxidizing. During these steps, the kiln’s temperature would be gradually lowered or raised to attain the desired effects.

G:

Geometric – both the name of a period and a style, geometric refers to roughly 900-720 BCE and the use of geometric patterns such as the meander or key. Because of their larger size, geometric pieces were also used as grave markers.

Geometric krater; ancient greek pottery terms
Terracotta krater, Geometric ca. 750-735 BCE, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA.

H:

Hydria – This “water jar” was one of the most common shapes in Ancient Greece. The vase had three handles, two on the sides and one on the back, used for either holding or pouring water from the vase. Like the many other vase shapes that have already been mentioned, the hydria is also associated with death rites.

Terracotta hydria jar; ancient greek pottery terms
Terracotta Caeretan Hydria, Archaic ca. 520-510 BCE, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA.

Head Vase – this one is pretty self-explanatory. It is a vase in the shape of a head or face. The face(s) ranged from animal to mythical, to human. A janiform head vase refers to a vase with two back-to-back heads or faces.

Head Vase Greek; ancient greek pottery terms
Greek Head Vase, ca. 350-320 BCE, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA, USA.

K:

Kerameikos – this term refers to the potters’ quarters in Ancient Athens. Kerameikos stems from the word for potter’s clay, keramos. The cemetery next to the potters’ quarters is also called Kerameikos. The cemetery and area directly surrounding it are some of the lesser visited areas of the archaeological sites in Athens.

; ancient greek pottery terms
Map of Ancient Athens depicting the layout of the city. The Kerameikos is north of the Acropolis and the Agora. Source: Wikipedia

Krater – a krater is a large bowl with a wide mouth and heavy, yet smaller, base or foot. Etymologically, the term Krater comes from the Greek verb “to mix.” The English word “crater” stems from this Greek vase due to its likeness to a bowl-shaped depression.

; ancient greek pottery terms
Attic Red-Figure Column Krater, ca. 490 BCE, attributed to Myson, John Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Kylix – although there are more than thirty styles of Ancient Greek drinking vessels, the kylix is perhaps the most common of the Attic vases. It is a two-handled bowl with a footed stem. They range from shallow to deep in size, stem or stemless. Because the kylix was a typical vessel at drinking parties, or symposiums, scenes of everyday life or mythology were depicted around the surface of the kylix. The tondo, or the bottom inside of the vessel, would often depict drinking scenes.

; ancient greek pottery terms
Attic Red-Figure Kylix, the edited image of 4 different views, ca. 490-480 BC, attributed to the Brygos Painter, The Getty Villa, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

For more information on Ancient Greek terminology, or to learn more about what you have seen here, check out the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the John Paul Getty Museum of Art. Both have excellent resources on Ancient Greek pottery and art! Likewise, the book Understanding Greek Vases: A Guide to Terms, Styles, and Techniques is a valuable literary source. Getty Museum has also posted this educational video about Making Greek Pottery. You can find the video transcript on Khan Academy’s website.


Making Greek Vase. Posted by Getty Museum via YouTube, 19 Nov 2010.

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